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Software

QUMPHY Software package

At the core of this project stands the development of measures to quantify the uncertainties associated with machine learning (ML) algorithms applied to medical problems, in particular the analysis and processing of photoplethysmography (PPG) signals. To achieve this the following tasks will be addressed: (i) benchmark datasets will be generated using publicly available in vivo, in vitro and synthetic data (ii) different ML models and uncertainty quantification (UQ) methods will be used to analyse the processing of the PPG signals and specify the associated uncertainty and (iii) a good practice guide with accompanying software repository showcasing the used models, methods and benchmarks will be developed and made publicly available.

 

Accompanying Software

To ensure transparency and reproducibility, the QUMPHY project provides dedicated software repositories that accompany each of our major publications. These repositories, hosted on the project’s official GitLab group, contain the source code used to generate our results. By sharing these tools, we aim to provide the research community with the necessary assets to validate our findings and adapt our algorithms and benchmarks to their own applications.

Articles (Peer Reviewed)

  1. AD Rodway, L Hanna, J Harris, R Jarrett, C Allan,  F Pazos Casal, BCT Field, MB Whyte, N Ntagiantas, I Walton, A Pankhania, SS Skene,  GD Maytham, C Heiss, "Prognostic and predictive value of ultrasound-based estimated ankle brachial pressure index at early follow-up after endovascular revascularization of chronic limb-threatening ischaemia: a prospective,  single-centre,  service evaluation", eClinicalMedicine 68(102410), 2024
    published: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102410
  2. M Rinkevičius, J Lazaro, E Gil, P Laguna, PH Charlton, R Bailon, V Marozas, "Obstructive Sleep Apnea Characterization: A Multimodal Cross-Recurrence-Based Approach for Investigating Atrial Fibrillation", IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 2024
    published: https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2024.3428845
  3. L Hannab, AD Rodwaya, P Garchac, L Maynardc, J Sivayogic, O Schlagere, J Madaricf, V Boch, L Buschg, MB Whytec, SS Skenec, J Harrisi, C Heiss, "Safety and procedural success of daycase-based endovascular procedures in lower extremity arteries of patients with peripheral artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis", eClinicalMedicine 75(102788), 2024
    published: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102788
  4. P Charlton, V Marozas, E Mejía-Mejía, PA Kyriacou, J Mant, "Determinants of photoplethysmography signal quality at the wrist", PLOS Digital Health 6(e0000585), 2025
    published: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000585
  5. C Teichert, U Hackstein, T Krüger, S Bernhard, "Noninvasive detection of lower extremity artery disease using multi-site photoplethysmographic signals and machine learning", npj Biosensing 1(2), 2025
    published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44328-025-00044-z
  6. M Moulaeifard, PH Charlton, N Strodthoff, "Generalizable deep learning for photoplethysmography-based blood pressure estimation - A Benchmarking Study", Machine Learning: Health, 2025
    published: http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/3049-477X/ae01a8
  7. C Bench, V Desai, M Moulaeifard, N Strodthoff, P Aston, A Thompson, "Uncertainty quantification with approximate variational learning for wearable photoplethysmography prediction tasks", Mach. Learn.: Health 1 015013, 2025
    published:  https://www.doi.org/10.1088/3049-477X/ae0b74
  8. S Vardanega, P Segers, P Aston, E Rietzschel, J Alastruey, M Nandi, "Attractor Image-Based Deep Learning of Arterial Pulse Waves for Age Classification", Computing in Cardiology 52, 2026
    published: http://dx.doi.org/10.22489/CinC.2025.343
  9. M Moulaeifard, L Coquelin, M Rinkevičius, A Sološenko, O Pfeffer, C Bench, N Hegemann, S Vardanega, M Nandi, J Alastruey, C Heiss, V Marozas, A Thompson, PJ Aston, PH Charlton, N Strodthoff, "Machine-learning for photoplethysmography analysis: Benchmarking feature, image, and signal-based approaches", Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 120(A), 2026
    published: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2026.109831
  10. C Bench, O Pfeffer, V Desai, M Moulaeifard, L Coquelin, PH Charlton, N Strodthoff, N Hegemann, PJ Aston, A Thompson, "A systematic evaluation of uncertainty quantification techniques in deep learning: a case study in photoplethysmography signal analysis", Mach. Learn.: Health 2 015011
    published: https://doi.org/10.1088/3049-477X/ae4c8e
  11. M Moulaeifard, M Kutscher, PJ Aston, PH Charlton, N Strodthoff,  "MIMIC-III-Ext-PPG, a PPG-based Benchmark Dataset for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Signal Analysis". Sci Data 13 (668), 2026
    published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-026-07335-8
  12. C Bench, "Uncertainty quantification in deep learning is unsatisfactory for clinical applications and complex decision making", preprint available
    preprint: https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.177084351.14388820/v1
  13. C Bench, "Trustworthy deep domain adaptation for wearable photoplethysmography signal analysis with decision-theoretic uncertainty quantification", preprint available
    preprint: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2604.17480

Articles (Other)

  1. PH Charlton, PA Kyriacou, "Wearable Photoplethysmography: Current Status and Future Challenges", 2023 IEEE/ACM Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies (CHASE), 2023
    published: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10364195
  2. N Strodthoff, "Open Science to Foster Progress in Automatic ECG Analysis: Status and Future Directions", 2024 Computing in Cardiology Conference (51), 2024
    published: https://doi.org/10.22489/CinC.2024.057
  3. M Rinkevičius, PH Charlton, V Marozas, "Uncertainty in Photoplethysmography-Based Cuffless Blood Pressure Trend Monitoring: A Personalized Approach", 2024 Computing in Cardiology Conference (51), 2024
    published: https://doi.org/10.22489/CinC.2024.098
  4. CA Bench, N Strodthoff, M Moulaeifard, P Aston, AJ Thompson, "Towards Trustworthy Atrial Fibrillation Classification from Wearables Data: Quantifying Model Uncertainty", 2024 Computing in Cardiology Conference (51), 2024
    published: https://doi.org/10.22489/CinC.2024.068
  5. P Aston, "Does Skin Tone Affect Machine Learning Classification Accuracy Applied to Photoplethysmography Signals?", 2024 Computing in Cardiology Conference (51), 2024
    published: https://doi.org/10.22489/CinC.2024.038
  6. U Hackstein, J Alastruey, P Aston, C Bench, PH Charlton, L Coquelin, N Hegemann, V Marozas, M Moulaeifard, M Nandi, A Petrenas, O Pfeffer, M Rinkevicius, A Solosenko, N Strodthoff, S Vardanega, "Benchmark Problems and Benchmark Datasets for the evaluation of Machine and Deep Learning methods on Photoplethysmography signals: the D4 report from the QUMPHY project"
    published: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2604.01398
  7. M Moulaeifard, PJ Aston, PH Charlton, N Strodthoff, "Deriving Health Metrics from the Photoplethysmogram: Benchmarks and Insights from MIMIC-III-Ext-PPG", preprint available
    preprint: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.21832